Defining skin lesions

 Macular (flat) <1cm
papular (raised) upto 1cm
nodular (raised) upto 2 cm
vesicular (raised) <1cm (fluid filled)
bullous (raised) > 1cm (fluid filled)
pustular (raised with pus)

petechiae (pinpoint redness)
petechiae/purpura/ecchymosis are non-balanchable (it contrasts with erythema that is balanchable)
See Comments

EPI vaccination Schedule Pakistan 2025

 https://www.epi.gov.pk/immunization-schedule/

Caput succedaneum, Cephalhematoma, SubGaleal bleed

CDC: How to clean feeding bottles

The link below is from Center of Disease control, US.

Go through the section there with heading, "Cleaning by Hand".

Please note, sterilization of bottles on daily basis is required for preterm babies' bottles, and modify the method given there as this (dip all paets of feeding bottle, separately, in a boiled water with fire turned off, for few seconds and take out.) This is because we we use plastic bottles on Pakistan mostly. Plastic bottles will not withstand boiling water for long and will get damaged.

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HIV Guidelines Pakistan

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Ventricular Tap in infants: Procedure

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Instructions in Urdu to increase breast milk production

The following video has instructions in Urdu language to increase breast milk production.

Motherfeed barhanay kay liyay hidayaat

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TB in pregnancy and management of newborns of mothers with TB disease

 The module proceeds from here.

HIV Mothers and breastfeeding: Q&A World Health Organization

 WHO Newsroom

National Tuberculosis program of Pakistan: Desk guides and Childhood TB training module

Childhood Tuberculosis

Empowering healthcare professionals with the latest protocols from Pakistan’s National TB Program. Explore these essential desk guides and training resources to enhance diagnosis, treatment, and integrated care of childhood TB.

TB Mini Desk Guide TB Desk Guide Childhood TB Training Module TB-HIV Desk Guide

Neonatal Dose of Chloral Hydrate

Syp Chloral Hydrate may be used as sedative for short term sedation like CT and MRI.

Onset of action 10 minutes 

Dose: 20mg/Kg per oral

Reference: Gomellas Neonatology, 8th Edition.