Complication associated with mechanical ventilation in neonates
Complications associated with mechanical ventilation in neonates
Complications associated with mechanical ventilation in neonates
by Dr. M. Tauseef Omer
| Category | Complications |
|---|---|
| Pulmonary | Oxygen toxicity Barotrauma due to excessive pressures Volutrauma due to excessive volumes Repeated alveolar collapse and expansion (atelectotrauma) Increased inflammation (bio trauma) endotracheal tube trauma (endotrauma) high or inadequate flow (rheotrauma) All of these traumas add up in the pathophysiology of Chronic Lung Disease. Pneumothorax, pulmonary hemorrhage, atelectasis, BPD, VAP |
| Cardiovascular | Hypotension (high intra thoracic pressures reduce cardiac output, impaired venous return) Exacerbation of PPHN by poor oxygenation and ventilator settings |
| Neurological | IVH due to fluctuations in cerebral blood flow Neurodevelopmental impairment (mechanical ventilation >21 days is associated with higher risk of cerebral palsy and delayed milestones. |
| Gastrointestinal | Feeding intolerance, and oral aversion, NEC (due to altered perfusion and systemic stress) |
| Infectious | Sepsis (endotracheal tube provides a portal for infections) ventilator-associated pneumonia |
| Long-Term Outcomes | Growth restriction (due to prolonged illness delayed catch-up growth) neurocognitive delay (survivors of prolonged ventilation show higher rates of learning difficulties, high mortality (studies show 40-50% mortality in mechanically ventilated babies in resource limited settings) |
Point of Care Ultrasound Scan (POCUS)
by Dr. M. Tauseef Omer Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS) holds immense value in the neonatal unit. It is a non-invasive, bedside utility that helps make immediate decisions.
It enables clinicians to rapidly identify both normal and abnormal findings, supporting the diagnosis of a wide range of conditions.
Applications:
Cardiac:
4 chamber view and Situs
Univentricular heart
Pulmonary hypertension
Normal and abnormal anatomy of great vessels of heart
Wall motion
Ventricular septal defect
Patent ductus arteriosus
Pneumopericardium
Pericardial effusion
Lungs:
Normal signs relating lungs
Pneumothorax
Pleural effusion
Consolidation
Endotracheal tube position
Chest tube position
Respiratory distress syndrome vs TTN (LUSco score)
Diaphragmatic assessment for weaning from ventilator or phrenic nerve injury
Gastrointestinal and KUB:
Bowel perfusion and vascularity
Size of liver, spleen, kidneys, pelvis, ureters
Necrotizing enterocolitis (Air in bowel wall, air in porta hepatis, aperistaltic segments of intestine)
Nephrocalcinosis
Guidance for paracentesis
Position of umbilical lines
Position of OG tube
Tracheo-esophageal fistula
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
Midgut volvulus & Axis of superior mesenteric vessels
Intussusception
Meconium peritonitis
Bladder volume
Bladder wall thickness
Cystic kidney diseases
Renal Vein thrombosis
Portal Vein thrombosis
Ascites
Neurosonography:
Intraventricular haemorrhage
Ventricular dimensions
Bedside brain perfusion
HIE
Raised ICP by optic sheath diameter assessement
Landmarks for lumbar puncture
Landmarks for ventricular tap
Peripheral vascular assess and assessment of soft tissue injury
Hemodynamic monitoring
IVC collapsibility for assessment of volume status
Guidance for inotropic support
Human Milk Fortification
Human milk fortification
by Dr. M. Tauseef Omer
Human milk fortifier (HMF) also known as breast milk fortifier (BMF) helps meet the nutritional demands of preterm and low-birth-weight infants whose needs exceed what is provided by unfortified human milk alone.
by Dr. M. Tauseef Omer
Human milk fortifier (HMF) also known as breast milk fortifier (BMF) helps meet the nutritional demands of preterm and low-birth-weight infants whose needs exceed what is provided by unfortified human milk alone.
Indications:
HMF is required for all babies born <34 weeks’ gestation or those weighing <1.8 kg who are fed exclusively on mother’s expressed breast milk or donor expressed breast milk
The short term goal is adequacy of growth (weight 15 - 22 g/Kg/day), length (0.9 cm/week), OFC (0.9 cm/week). Reduced risk of retinopathy of prematurity, intraventricular haemorrhage, bronchopulmonary dysplasia ( Poor nutrition in the first weeks of life impairs lung repair and alveolar development). There is also reduced mortality.
Long term goal: Better brain growth, and hence neurodevelopmental outcomes (language, motor, cognitive). MRI studies show improved gray matter and cerebellar volumes in infants with good early growth, which correlates with stronger learning and motor skills later in childhood.
The short term goal is adequacy of growth (weight 15 - 22 g/Kg/day), length (0.9 cm/week), OFC (0.9 cm/week). Reduced risk of retinopathy of prematurity, intraventricular haemorrhage, bronchopulmonary dysplasia ( Poor nutrition in the first weeks of life impairs lung repair and alveolar development). There is also reduced mortality.
Long term goal: Better brain growth, and hence neurodevelopmental outcomes (language, motor, cognitive). MRI studies show improved gray matter and cerebellar volumes in infants with good early growth, which correlates with stronger learning and motor skills later in childhood.
Avoid excessive catch-up growth as it is linked with obesity later in life, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome (insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, hypertension, dyslipidemia), and diabetes or ischemic heart disease later in life. Increased risk of chronic kidney disease (rapid growth stresses immature kidneys). Neurodevelopment is impaired due to altered white matter microstructure with excessive fat accumulation in the body. There is also early onset of puberty specially in girls as more adipose tissue secretes higher levels of Leptin, which stimulates hypothalamus to secrete GnRH surges earlier. Higher insulin levels also enhance ovarian and testicular steroidogenesis. So there is accelerated bone age and earlier pubertal milestones.
When to begin human milk fortification: Fortification should begin once the infant’s milk intake reaches 100 mL/kg/day.
Advancement of feeding volumes: Once BMF is introduced, the total milk volume should be advanced to a maintenance level of 165 mL/kg/day as tolerated
When to discontinue human milk fortification:
1. Discontinue when the infant reaches term age and 1.8 Kg weight.
2. If the baby is receiving >50% nutrition via preterm formula
1. Discontinue when the infant reaches term age and 1.8 Kg weight.
2. If the baby is receiving >50% nutrition via preterm formula
Continue fortification after discharge in babies <1.8 Kg, < 37 weeks, or those showing slow growth velocity.
Types of HMF:
Nutrient Modulars: Single nutrients, such as medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil
Bovine Milk-Based Fortifiers: These are the most commonly used in the and provide protein from either intact or hydrolyzed cow's milk. They have evolved from powdered forms to sterile liquid concentrates, which are preferred because they eliminate the risk of bacterial contamination (e.g., Cronobacter sakazakii) associated with non-sterile powders.
Human Milk-Based Fortifiers: Produced from pasteurized donor human milk, these contain only human-sourced proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. They are often used for the most immature infants (e.g., birth weight <1000 g) due to concerns about bovine protein tolerance, though they are significantly more expensive.
Nutrient Modulars: Single nutrients, such as medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil
Methods to determine the amount of fortification:
1. Standard Fortification: This involves adding a fixed amount of fortifier to human milk to reach a target caloric density, typically 24 kcal/oz. While easy to implement, it fails to account for the natural variability in the protein and fat content of the base human milk.
2. Adjustable Fortification: This strategy uses the infant’s metabolic response, specifically blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, as a guide. If the BUN is low (<9 mg/dL), it may indicate a need for more protein; if high (>16 mg/dL), protein intake is reduced. This method has been shown to improve short-term growth and later neurodevelopmental scores.
3. Targeted (Individualized) Fortification: This is the most precise method, utilizing bedside human milk analyzers to measure the exact macronutrient content of a mother's milk. Specific modular components (protein, fat, or carbohydrate) are then added to meet the infant's exact requirements. Although labor-intensive, it can lead to significantly better weight and linear growth.
Protein: Preterm infants require 3.5 to 4.4 g/kg/day of protein
Nutritional Composition and Targets
To achieve optimal growth and body composition, fortified feeds aim for specific ranges:
Protein: Preterm infants require 3.5 to 4.4 g/kg/day of protein
Energy: The target is typically 110 to 130 kcal/kg/day. In cases of chronic illness like bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), requirements may rise to 150 kcal/kg/day.
Minerals: Fortification is essential for skeleton mineralization
Targets include 150–220 mg/kg/day of calcium and 75–140 mg/kg/day of phosphorus
Serum phosphorus levels should be maintained above 4 mg/dL to avoid bone resorption
Vitamins: Most HMF products are enriched with vitamins A, D, E, and K, as well as water-soluble vitamins, to prevent deficiencies and support retinal and neural maturation
Procedure for fortification:
Counsel parents about need of milk fortification, and narrate the advantages and possible adverse effects with fortification. Get written consent from parents.
Counsel parents about need of milk fortification, and narrate the advantages and possible adverse effects with fortification. Get written consent from parents.
Mother should wash her hands and chest.
Express milk manually or with a breast pump (manual or electric) into a clean container.
Container may be stored in fridge and HMF should ideally be added to milk just before feed.
HMF mixed milk may be stored in refrigerator and used within 122 hours of preparation.
Once added, gently swirl the container to mix the components.
Express milk manually or with a breast pump (manual or electric) into a clean container.
Container may be stored in fridge and HMF should ideally be added to milk just before feed.
HMF mixed milk may be stored in refrigerator and used within 122 hours of preparation.
Once added, gently swirl the container to mix the components.
Adverse effects relating the use of fortifiers:
Increase in infections and NEC in infants fed fortified vs unfortified human milk.
Increase in infections and NEC in infants fed fortified vs unfortified human milk.
Delayed gastric Emptying: The addition of fortifiers can delay gastric emptying and increase gastric residuals, which may be mistaken for signs of feeding intolerance or necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC).
Osmolality: Fortification increases the osmolality of human milk, which may contribute to GI distress.
Nutrient Loss: Fat and nutrients from fortified milk can adhere to feeding bags and tubing, especially during continuous feeds. Placing the infusion syringe at a 45-degree angle can help ensure even distribution
Risk of hypernatremia, metabolic acidosis, hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, raised or low BUN in neonates <28 weeks of gestation or <1000g weight. Therefore, weekly monitoring of these parameters is recommended.
Monitoring:
Daily weight measurement.
Continuous monitoring for abdominal distension, stool pattern, and feed intolerance.
Weekly monitoring of serum electrolytes, renal function tests, arterial blood gases, serum calcium and serum phosphate.
Daily weight measurement.
Continuous monitoring for abdominal distension, stool pattern, and feed intolerance.
Weekly monitoring of serum electrolytes, renal function tests, arterial blood gases, serum calcium and serum phosphate.
Human milk fortifier available in Punjab, Pakistan.
Pre-Nan Human milk Fortifier
It is in powdered form, 1 gram powder in 1 sachet.
Mix 1 pack in 25 cc of expressed human milk
100% hydrolyzed whey protein: aids digestion and absorption
Increases the protein content of breast milk to 0.36 grams
It is in powdered form, 1 gram powder in 1 sachet.
Mix 1 pack in 25 cc of expressed human milk
100% hydrolyzed whey protein: aids digestion and absorption
Increases the protein content of breast milk to 0.36 grams
Available from:
Pharmacia, near FMH Lahore
And from the internal Pharmacy of Hameed Latif Hospital, Lahore.
Recommended intake
Premature and low birth weight infants: the standard dosage is 1 g of powder, or one single sachet, per 25 ml of breast milk. It is recommended to gradually increase the dose, starting with 1 g of PreNAN® Breast Milk Strengthener per 50 ml of breast milk. After assessing breast milk tolerance within 24 hours of administration, the amount can be increased to a full dose of 1 g of PreNAN® Breast Milk Strengthener per 25 ml of breast milk or follow hospital feeding guidelines.
How to use
When proceeding to prepare milk, wash your hands thoroughly. Immediately before use, sterilize all the items you will need (bottle, pacifier and cap, syringe). If you use frozen breast milk, thaw it gradually in the refrigerator (below 4°C). Do not thaw milk by leaving it at room temperature or thaw it in the microwave. Shake or stir the milk before pouring it into a bottle or syringe. Next, pour the measured, appropriate amount of breast milk you want to fortify into the container. Before you add Nestlé PreNAN®, warm your breast milk to body temperature. Do not heat in the microwave. A standard serving is prepared by adding powder from one sachet (1 g) for every 25 ml of lukewarm breast milk at 35-40°C. Your doctor may order you to prepare a serving with different proportions of milk and powder. Cover the container and shake it gently until the powder dissolves completely in the milk. Feed your baby immediately after preparing the milk. Prepare only one serving of milk each time. Do not store leftover milk that your baby has not accepted.
Nutritional values
100 g of powder contains: energy value 1826 kJ/ 435 kcal, fat 18.1 g (including saturated fatty acids 12.2 g, including medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) 10.9 g), carbohydrates 32 g (including sugars 2.5 g), protein 36 g, salt 2.3 g; vitamin A 8320 µg, vitamin D 88 µg, vitamin E 94 mg, vitamin K 188 µg, vitamin C 469 mg, thiamine (B1) 3.5 mg, riboflavin (B2) 4.7 mg, niacin 35 mg, vitamin B6 3.1 mg, folic acid 938 µg, vitamin B12 4.7 µg, biotin 82 µg, pantothenic acid 16 mg; sodium 918 mg, potassium 1210 mg, chlorine 803 mg, calcium 1890 mg, phosphorus 1095 mg, magnesium 100 mg, iron 45 mg, zinc 24 mg, copper 1.3 mg, manganese 0.15 mg, fluorine <0.06 mg, selenium 70 µg, chromium <23 µg, molybdenum <20 µg, iodine 317 µg; linoleic acid 838 mg, ?-linolenic acid 391 mg, DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) 137 mg, choline 202 mg, inositol 108 mg, taurine 47 mg, L-carnitine 62 mg. Osmolarity 339 mOsm/l.
A 100 kcal serving contains: energy value 422 kJ/ 100 kcal, fat 4.2 g (including saturated fatty acids 2.8 g, including medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) 2.5 g), carbohydrates 7.5 g (including sugars 0.6 g), protein 8.2 g, salt 0.53 g; vitamin A 1915 µg, vitamin D 20 µg, vitamin E 22 mg, vitamin K 43 µg, vitamin C 108 mg, thiamine (B1) 0.8 mg, riboflavin (B2) 1.1 mg, niacin 8.1 mg, vitamin B6 0.7 mg, folic acid 216 µg, vitamin B12 1.1 µg, biotin 19 µg, pantothenic acid 3.8 mg; sodium 211 mg, potassium 278 mg, chlorine 185 mg, calcium 435 mg, phosphorus 252 mg, magnesium 23 mg, iron 10 mg, zinc 5.4 mg, copper 0.3 mg, manganese 0.035 mg, fluorine <0.014 mg, selenium 16 µg, chromium <5.3 µg, molybdenum <4.6 µg, iodine 73 µg; linoleic acid 193 mg, ?-linolenic acid 90 mg, DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) 32 mg, choline 46 mg, inositol 25 mg, taurine 11 mg, L-carnitine 14 mg. Osmolarity 339 mOsm/l.
1 sachet (1 g of powder) contains: energy value 18.2 kJ/ 4.3 kcal, fat 0.18 g (including saturated fatty acids 0.12 g, including medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) 0.1 g), carbohydrates 0.32 g (including sugars 0.03 g), protein 0.36 g, salt 0.02 g; vitamin A 83.2 µg, vitamin D 0.88 µg, vitamin E 0.94 mg, vitamin K 1.88 µg, vitamin C 4.69 mg, thiamine (B1) 0.04 mg, riboflavin (B2) 0.05 mg, niacin 0.35 mg, vitamin B6 0.03 mg, folic acid 9.38 µg, vitamin B12 0.05 µg, biotin 0.82 µg, pantothenic acid 0.16 mg; sodium 9.18 mg, potassium 12.1 mg, chlorine 8.03 mg, calcium 18.9 mg, phosphorus 11 mg, magnesium 1 mg, iron 0.45 mg, zinc 0.24 mg, copper 0.01 mg, manganese 0.002 mg, fluorine <0.0006 mg, selenium 0.7 µg, chromium <0.23 µg, molybdenum <0.2 µg, iodine 3.17 µg; linoleic acid 8.38 mg, ?-linolenic acid 3.91 mg, DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) 1.37 mg, choline 2.02 mg, inositol 1.08 mg, taurine 0.47 mg, L-carnitine 0.62 mg. Oosmolarity 339 mOsm/l.
The following breakdown provides the nutritional contents for a single 1g sachet of Nestlé PreNAN Human Milk Fortifier.
Macronutrients
| Component | Amount per 1g sachet |
|---|---|
| Energy | 4.3 kcal (18.2 kJ) |
| Protein | 0.36 g (100% partially hydrolyzed whey) |
| Carbohydrates | 0.32 g (Sugars: 0.03 g) |
| Total Fat | 0.18 g |
| MCT (Medium Chain Triglycerides) | 0.1 g |
| DHA | 1.37 mg |
| Linoleic Acid | 8.38 mg |
| Alpha-linolenic Acid | 3.91 mg |
Minerals & Trace Elements
- Calcium: 18.9 mg
- Phosphorus: 11 mg
- Sodium: 9.18 mg
- Potassium: 12.1 mg
- Chloride: 8.03 mg
- Magnesium: 1 mg
- Iron: 0.45 mg
- Zinc: 0.24 mg
- Copper: 13 mcg
- Manganese: 2 mcg
- Selenium: 0.7 mcg
- Iodine: 3.17 mcg
Vitamins
- Vitamin A: 83.2 mcg RE
- Vitamin D: 0.88 mcg
- Vitamin E: 0.94 mg TE
- Vitamin K: 1.88 mcg
- Vitamin C: 4.69 mg
- B-Complex: Includes B1, B2, B6, B12, Niacin, Folic Acid, Pantothenic Acid, and Biotin.
Additional Nutrients
- Choline
- Inositol
- Taurine
- L-Carnitine
Recommended intake
Premature and low birth weight infants: the standard dosage is 1 g of powder, or one single sachet, per 25 ml of breast milk. It is recommended to gradually increase the dose, starting with 1 g of PreNAN® Breast Milk Strengthener per 50 ml of breast milk. After assessing breast milk tolerance within 24 hours of administration, the amount can be increased to a full dose of 1 g of PreNAN® Breast Milk Strengthener per 25 ml of breast milk or follow hospital feeding guidelines.
How to use
When proceeding to prepare milk, wash your hands thoroughly. Immediately before use, sterilize all the items you will need (bottle, pacifier and cap, syringe). If you use frozen breast milk, thaw it gradually in the refrigerator (below 4°C). Do not thaw milk by leaving it at room temperature or thaw it in the microwave. Shake or stir the milk before pouring it into a bottle or syringe. Next, pour the measured, appropriate amount of breast milk you want to fortify into the container. Before you add Nestlé PreNAN®, warm your breast milk to body temperature. Do not heat in the microwave. A standard serving is prepared by adding powder from one sachet (1 g) for every 25 ml of lukewarm breast milk at 35-40°C. Your doctor may order you to prepare a serving with different proportions of milk and powder. Cover the container and shake it gently until the powder dissolves completely in the milk. Feed your baby immediately after preparing the milk. Prepare only one serving of milk each time. Do not store leftover milk that your baby has not accepted.
Nutritional values
100 g of powder contains: energy value 1826 kJ/ 435 kcal, fat 18.1 g (including saturated fatty acids 12.2 g, including medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) 10.9 g), carbohydrates 32 g (including sugars 2.5 g), protein 36 g, salt 2.3 g; vitamin A 8320 µg, vitamin D 88 µg, vitamin E 94 mg, vitamin K 188 µg, vitamin C 469 mg, thiamine (B1) 3.5 mg, riboflavin (B2) 4.7 mg, niacin 35 mg, vitamin B6 3.1 mg, folic acid 938 µg, vitamin B12 4.7 µg, biotin 82 µg, pantothenic acid 16 mg; sodium 918 mg, potassium 1210 mg, chlorine 803 mg, calcium 1890 mg, phosphorus 1095 mg, magnesium 100 mg, iron 45 mg, zinc 24 mg, copper 1.3 mg, manganese 0.15 mg, fluorine <0.06 mg, selenium 70 µg, chromium <23 µg, molybdenum <20 µg, iodine 317 µg; linoleic acid 838 mg, ?-linolenic acid 391 mg, DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) 137 mg, choline 202 mg, inositol 108 mg, taurine 47 mg, L-carnitine 62 mg. Osmolarity 339 mOsm/l.
A 100 kcal serving contains: energy value 422 kJ/ 100 kcal, fat 4.2 g (including saturated fatty acids 2.8 g, including medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) 2.5 g), carbohydrates 7.5 g (including sugars 0.6 g), protein 8.2 g, salt 0.53 g; vitamin A 1915 µg, vitamin D 20 µg, vitamin E 22 mg, vitamin K 43 µg, vitamin C 108 mg, thiamine (B1) 0.8 mg, riboflavin (B2) 1.1 mg, niacin 8.1 mg, vitamin B6 0.7 mg, folic acid 216 µg, vitamin B12 1.1 µg, biotin 19 µg, pantothenic acid 3.8 mg; sodium 211 mg, potassium 278 mg, chlorine 185 mg, calcium 435 mg, phosphorus 252 mg, magnesium 23 mg, iron 10 mg, zinc 5.4 mg, copper 0.3 mg, manganese 0.035 mg, fluorine <0.014 mg, selenium 16 µg, chromium <5.3 µg, molybdenum <4.6 µg, iodine 73 µg; linoleic acid 193 mg, ?-linolenic acid 90 mg, DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) 32 mg, choline 46 mg, inositol 25 mg, taurine 11 mg, L-carnitine 14 mg. Osmolarity 339 mOsm/l.
1 sachet (1 g of powder) contains: energy value 18.2 kJ/ 4.3 kcal, fat 0.18 g (including saturated fatty acids 0.12 g, including medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) 0.1 g), carbohydrates 0.32 g (including sugars 0.03 g), protein 0.36 g, salt 0.02 g; vitamin A 83.2 µg, vitamin D 0.88 µg, vitamin E 0.94 mg, vitamin K 1.88 µg, vitamin C 4.69 mg, thiamine (B1) 0.04 mg, riboflavin (B2) 0.05 mg, niacin 0.35 mg, vitamin B6 0.03 mg, folic acid 9.38 µg, vitamin B12 0.05 µg, biotin 0.82 µg, pantothenic acid 0.16 mg; sodium 9.18 mg, potassium 12.1 mg, chlorine 8.03 mg, calcium 18.9 mg, phosphorus 11 mg, magnesium 1 mg, iron 0.45 mg, zinc 0.24 mg, copper 0.01 mg, manganese 0.002 mg, fluorine <0.0006 mg, selenium 0.7 µg, chromium <0.23 µg, molybdenum <0.2 µg, iodine 3.17 µg; linoleic acid 8.38 mg, ?-linolenic acid 3.91 mg, DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) 1.37 mg, choline 2.02 mg, inositol 1.08 mg, taurine 0.47 mg, L-carnitine 0.62 mg. Oosmolarity 339 mOsm/l.
Updates on therapeutic hypothermia in neonates (Clinical report 2026 AAP )Summary by Dr Tauseef Omer
Updates on therapeutic hypothermia in neonates (Clinical report 2026 AAP )Summary by Dr Tauseef Omer
AAP 2026 Clinical Report: Updates on the management of therapeutic hypothermia in neonates
AAP 2026 Clinical Report: Updates on the management of therapeutic hypothermia in neonates
Summary by Dr. M. Tauseef Omer
Full link
Over 2014 guidelines on the management of therapeutic hypothermia in neonates, the American Academy of Pediatrics has published a clinical report in 2026.
Re-emphasis:
Analyses of aggregate data from randomized-controlled trials, as well as data from registries, indicate that moderate therapeutic hypothermia with a target temperature of 33.5 °C initiated within 6 hours of birth and continued for 72 hours is a safe and effective neural rescue strategy for infants with moderate-to-severe HIE who are born at or greater than 36 weeks’ gestation.
Infants offered therapeutic hypothermia should meet inclusion criteria from published clinical trials such as (CoolCap Selective head cooling, NICHD Whole body cooling, TOBY Whole body cooling, neo-neuro whole body cooling, ICE trial, Selective head cooling with mild systemic cooling in China) , however, sentinel event is not necessary to initiate therapeutic hypothermia.
Eligibility criteria include the following:
Evidence of a peri-partum hypoxic-ischemic event based on biochemical criteria.
Providers should advocate for the delivery team to draw cord blood gases for all depressed neonates and to facilitate the identification of neonates with HIE who may benefit from cooling.
If a cord gas cannot be obtained, a blood gas during the first hour or as soon as possible after birth should be obtained.
Evidence of moderate-to-severe encephalopathy by neurological exam (as below) or seizures is required. If moderate or severe encephalopathy is present and biochemical and clinical criteria are borderline without another identifiable cause, clinicians may consider therapeutic hypothermia.
`
There is limited evidence regarding the safety and effectiveness of therapeutic hypothermia for infants born at 35 0/7 to 35 6/7 weeks’ gestation. And this should be discussed with parents.
May consider cooling up to 24 hours of life, but there is limited benefit in such cases, and this should be discussed with parents.
There is insufficient evidence to support the use of therapeutic hypothermia for infants with mild HIE
In all cases of possible HIE, even when therapeutic hypothermia is not administered, hyperthermia should be avoided.
Erythropoietin (EPO) does no offer any additional benefit to date. Previous studies explored its neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic effects. So, therapeutic hypothermia and EPO is not advised outside research settings
Medical centers offering therapeutic hypothermia should be capable of providing comprehensive clinical care, including mechanical ventilation; physiologic (vital signs, temperature) and biochemical (blood gas) monitoring; neuroimaging, including MRI prior to hospital discharge; continuous neuromonitoring and seizure detection with continuous EEG (preferred) or with aEEG; neurologic consultation accessible at all times, at minimum via telephone or telemedicine; family support; and a system in place for monitoring longitudinal neurodevelopmental outcomes.
Previously, we followed this criteria:
NICHD (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development) whole-Body Cooling
GA ≥36 weeks and ≤6 h of age
Moderate or severe encephalopathy
Non syndromic baby
Acidosis
pH ≤7.00 or base deficit ≥16 mmol/L on umbilical cord or any blood sample obtained within 60 min of birth
OR
If blood gas is not available or pH 7.01 to 7.15 or base deficit 10 to 15.9 mmol/L on blood sample obtained within 60 min of birth.
PLUS
2 additional criteria:
History of an acute sentinel/perinatal event (eg, cord prolapse, fetal heart rate decelerations)
AND
Need for assisted ventilation at birth and continued for 10 min
OR
Apgar score ≤5 at 10 min after birth
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